Dr. Jessica Spence, MD, PhD, FRCPC, is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care and Health Research Methodology, Evaluation, and Impact at McMaster University, a cardiac anesthesiologist and intensivist at Hamilton Health Sciences, and Scientist at the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Spence is the Principal Investigator of the B-Free Cluster Crossover Trial. Her research program focuses on the impact of intraoperative interventions on the postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery.